Pre-eclampsia—sometimes called “toxemia of pregnancy”—is a serious pregnancy complication affecting about 2 in 100 expectant mothers. Its primary symptoms include high blood pressure and elevated protein levels in the urine. Pre-eclampsia can pose significant risks to both mother and baby. While severe and early-onset cases (before 34 weeks of gestation) are rare, regular prenatal care is essential to detect the condition early and manage it effectively.

If left untreated, pre-eclampsia can progress into more severe conditions such as HELLP syndrome or eclampsia. These complications can be life-threatening for the mother, potentially leading to organ damage or even death. HELLP stands for Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelet count—the three hallmark symptoms of this dangerous condition.

Pre-eclampsia is one of the leading causes of preterm birth. It often restricts the baby’s growth by limiting oxygen and nutrient supply, increasing the risk of low birth weight and developmental complications. Children born to mothers with pre-eclampsia may also face an increased risk of heart and circulatory issues later in life.

For mothers, the long-term impact can be equally serious. More than 90% of women who experience severe pre-eclampsia develop chronic high blood pressure within 20 years, and many are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Ongoing, expert medical care and a healthy lifestyle—including balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, and stress reduction—are key to managing these risks for both mother and child.

Several factors can raise the risk of developing pre-eclampsia during pregnancy. These include:

• First-time pregnancy

   

• Carrying multiples (twins, triplets, etc.)

   

• A history of pre-eclampsia or fetal growth restriction—either in a previous pregnancy or in a close relative’s pregnancy

   

• Pregnancy through assisted reproduction, such as artificial insemination or egg donation

   

• Pre-existing high blood pressure

   

• Chronic kidney disease

   

• Diabetes or gestational diabetes

   

• Overweight or obesity

   

• Advanced maternal age

Although pre-eclampsia typically presents with high blood pressure and increased protein in the urine later in pregnancy, it actually begins developing during the first trimester—often without visible symptoms. Early screening is essential for identifying women at risk and taking preventive steps.

Between 11 and 14 weeks of pregnancy, a comprehensive screening can estimate an individual’s risk of developing pre-eclampsia. This assessment includes:

• Blood pressure measurement

   

• Doppler ultrasound to evaluate blood flow to the uterus

   

• Maternal blood test to detect specific proteins linked to pre-eclampsia

   

These combined tests can identify a heightened risk well before symptoms appear. If results indicate a high risk, the healthcare provider may recommend lifestyle changes, dietary adjustments, and the use of low-dose aspirin, which has been shown to significantly reduce the risk—especially of early-onset and severe forms of pre-eclampsia.

Early detection increases the chances of receiving care from a specialized maternal-fetal medicine center, improving outcomes for both mother and baby.

To protect their health and their baby’s, pregnant women should:

• Attend all scheduled prenatal appointments

   

• Monitor their blood pressure at home

   

• Be aware of warning signs, including:
  • Persistent headaches
  • Blurred or impaired vision
  • Sudden weight gain (more than 1 kg or 2.2 lbs per week)
  • Noticeable swelling (especially in hands, feet, or face)
  • Unexplained restlessness or discomfort

If any of these symptoms occur, it’s critical to contact a healthcare provider immediately.